Intermediate

functools Module

The functools module provides higher-order functions that enhance and optimize function behavior.

functools.reduce()

from functools import reduce

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
result = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, nums)
print(result)

from functools import partial

def power(base, exp):
    return base ** exp

square = partial(power, exp=2)
print(square(5))

Caches function results to improve performance.

from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache()
def fib(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

print(fib(10))

💡 lru_cache is commonly used in recursion & optimization.

📝 Practice: Use lru_cache to optimize factorial.